In order to understand how the journaling module works, you should first understand how API-level operations relate to the underlying FAT layer operations. As seen in Figure - Relation between API and FAT layer operations, an API level operation is made of one or more top-level FAT operations which, in turn, are made of one or more low-level FAT operations.
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Take a file rename operation, for example. The API-level rename operation involves one top-level FAT rename operation and the following low-level FAT sub-operations:
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